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Plies da realist rar1/1/2023 The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s1296-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Action research studies guided by these findings, and studies on knowledge translation for realist syntheses are promising future directions. Practitioners may benefit from a number of coordinated efforts, including conducting or commissioning evaluations at strategic moments, mobilising local and political support through relevant partnerships, and promoting ongoing knowledge exchange in peer learning networks. This synthesis applies and advances theory, realist methods and the practice of scaling up complex interventions. These modified contexts triggered the identified mechanisms, leading to a range of scaling up outcomes, such as commitment of new communities, changes in relevant legislation, or agreements with new funding partners. Within each strategy, specific actions to change contexts included building partnerships, conducting evaluations, engaging political support and adapting funding models. These mechanisms were activated within two broad scaling up strategies, those of renewing and regenerating, and documenting success. Findings were compared and contrasted with guidance from diffusion theory, and interpreted with knowledge users to identify practical implications and potential directions for future research.įour core mechanisms were identified, namely awareness, commitment, confidence and trust. Data extracted from included documents were classified according to CMO configurations within strategic themes. A search strategy of published and grey literature related to each case was developed, involving searches of relevant databases and nominations from experts. To focus this review, three cases of complex interventions that had been successfully scaled up were included: Vibrant Communities, Youth Build USA and Pathways to Education. Realist approaches view causality through the linkages between changes in contexts (C) that activate mechanisms (M), leading to specific outcomes (O) (CMO configurations). This study aimed to increase understanding of how and under what conditions complex public health interventions may be scaled up to benefit more people and populations.Ī realist synthesis was conducted and discussed at an in-person workshop involving practitioners responsible for scaling up activities. Despite an increasing number of complex interventions in public health, many fail to be ‘scaled up’. Preventing chronic diseases, such as cancer, cardiovascular disease and diabetes, requires complex interventions, involving multi-component and multi-level efforts that are tailored to the contexts in which they are delivered.
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